upcoming changes to the viewport meta tag for firefox mobile

This is a guest post by Matt Brubeck who works on the Firefox Mobile team.

The upcoming release of Mobile Firefox (Fennec) 1.1 features improved
support for the <meta name="viewport"> tag. Previous version of Fennec supported the width, height, and initial-scale viewport properties, but had problems with some sites designed for iPhone and Android browsers. We now support the same properties Mobile Safari does, and we also changed Fennec to render mobile sites more consistently on screens of different sizes and resolutions.

touch.facebook.com before:

touch.facebook.com after:

You can see these changes for yourself in the latest Fennec 1.1 and trunk nightly builds for Maemo, Android, Windows, Mac, or Linux.

Background

Mobile browers like Fennec render pages in a virtual “window” (the viewport), usually wider than the screen, so they don’t need to squeeze every page layout into a tiny window (which would break many non-mobile-optimized sites). Users can pan and zoom to see different areas of the page.

Mobile Safari introduced the “viewport meta tag” to let web developers control the viewport’s size and scale. Many other mobile browsers now support this tag, although it is not part of any web standard. Apple’s documentation does a good job explaining how web developers can use this tag, but we had to do some detective work to figure out exactly how to implement it in Fennec. For example, Safari’s documentation says the content is a “comma-delimited list,” but existing browsers and web pages use any mix of commas, semicolons, and spaces as separators.

Viewport basics

A typical mobile-optimized site contains something like the following:


The width property controls the size of the viewport. It can be set to a specific number of pixels like width=600 or to the special value device-width value which is the width of the screen in CSS pixels at a scale of 100%. (There are corresponding height and device-height values, which may be useful for pages with elements that change size or position based on the viewport height.)

The initial-scale property controls the zoom level when the page is first loaded. The maximum-scale, minimum-scale, and user-scalable properties control how users are allowed to zoom the page in or out.

A pixel is not a pixel

The iPhone and many popular Android phones have 3- to 4-inch (7–10 cm) screens with 320×480 pixels (~160 dpi). Firefox for Maemo runs on the Nokia N900, which has the same physical size but 480×800 pixels (~240 dpi). Because of this, the last version of Fennec displayed many pages about one third smaller (in actual, physical size) than iPhone or Android. This caused usability and readability problems on many touch-optimized web sites. Peter-Paul Koch wrote about this problem in A pixel is not a pixel.

Fennec 1.1 for Maemo will use 1.5 hardware pixels for each CSS “pixel”, following the lead of Android’s WebKit-based browser. This means a page with initial-scale=1 will render at close to the same physical size in Fennec for Maemo, Mobile Safari for iPhone, and the Android Browser on both HDPI and MDPI phones. This is consistent with the CSS 2.1 specification, which says:

If the pixel density of the output device is very different from that of a typical computer display, the user agent should rescale pixel values. It is recommended that the pixel unit refer to the whole number of device pixels that best approximates the reference pixel. It is recommended that the reference pixel be the visual angle of one pixel on a device with a pixel density of 96dpi and a distance from the reader of an arm’s length.

For web developers, this means that 320px be full width in portrait mode at scale=1, on all of the above-mentioned handheld devices, and they may size their layouts and images accordingly. But remember that not all mobile devices are the same width; you should also make sure that your pages work well in landscape mode, and on larger devices like the iPad and Android tablets.

On 240-dpi screens, pages with initial-scale=1 will effectively be zoomed to 150% by both Fennec and Android WebKit. Their text will be smooth and crisp, but their bitmap images will probably not take advantage of the full screen resolution. To get sharper images on these screens, web developers may want to design images – or whole layouts – at 150% of their final size (or 200%, to support the rumored 320-dpi iPhone) and then scale them down using CSS or viewport properties.

Right now Fennec uses the same default ratio of 1.5 on all devices. (It’s a hidden preference that can be changed in about:config or by an add-on.) Later we’ll need to change this – as well as many other parts of Fennec’s user interface – to work correctly on screens with different pixel densities. Note that the default ratio of 1.5 is true only when the viewport scale equals 1. Otherwise, the relationship between CSS pixels and device pixels depends on the current zoom level.

Viewport width and screen width

Many sites set their viewport to "width=320, initial-scale=1" to fit precisely onto the iPhone display in portrait mode. As mentioned above, this caused problems when Fennec 1.0 endered these sites, especially in landscape mode. To fix this, Fennec 1.1 will expand the viewport width if necessary to fill the screen at the requested scale. This matches the behavior of Android and Mobile Safari, and is especially useful on large-screen devices like the iPad. (Allen Pike’s Choosing a viewport for iPad sites has a good explanation for web developers.)

For pages that set an initial or maximum scale, this means the width property actually translates into a minimum viewport width. For example, if your layout needs at least 500 pixels of width then you can use the following markup. When the screen is more than 500 pixels wide, the browser will expand the viewport (rather than zoom in) to fit the screen:


Fennec 1.1 also adds support for minimum-scale, maximum-scale, and user-scalable, with defaults and limits similar to Safari’s. These properties affect the initial scale and width, as well as limiting changes in zoom level.

Mobile browsers handle orientation changes slightly differently. For example, Mobile Safari often just zooms the page when changing from portrait to landscape, instead of laying out the page as it would if originally loaded in landscape. If web developers want their scale settings to remain consistent when switching orientations on the iPhone, they must add a maximum-scale value to prevent this zooming, which has the sometimes-unwanted side effect of preventing users from zooming in:


This is not necessary in Fennec; when the device changes orientation, Fennec updates the viewport size, the page layout, and JavaScript/CSS properties like device-width, based on its new “window” dimensions.

Standards

There is clearly demand for the viewport meta tag, since it is supported by most popular mobile browsers and used by thousands of web sites. It would be good to have a true standard for web pages to control viewport properties. According to the HTML5 spec, extensions to the meta element should first be registered on the WHATWG wiki and then go through the W3C standards process. If this happens, then we at Mozilla will work to make sure we can implement any changes made during standardization.


5 comments

  1. Martin Kliehm

    Since the WHATWG Wiki isn’t really part of the W3C process, I would recommend to file a bug report for the missing spec in the W3C Bugzilla system [1]. It is sufficient to just raise the bug, but writing a constructive change proposal for a new or changed text is highly appreciated and helps pushing the issue faster through the process. Otherwise you’ll be asked for clarification or to write a proposal at a later point, and you can just skip this. If I can help please let me know.

    [1] http://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/enter_bug.cgi?product=HTML%20WG

    May 27th, 2010 at 11:18

  2. Wurdebalg Hurrst

    A cm is not a cm. A pixel is not a pixel. Is there anything absolute in the fields of web design?

    May 27th, 2010 at 11:52

  3. Ms2ger

    Rather than waiting for someone else to step up and write a specification, how about writing a draft yourself that defines how the value of the content attribute is to be parsed (including, for example, which characters do delimit the values), and how these values are mapped to CSS concepts, and put a link to it on the WHATWG Wiki… I’d avoid trying to force this through the W3C process, as the HTML WG tends to prefer theoretical purity over useful specifications, and this feature is clearly presentational.

    May 28th, 2010 at 04:50

    1. Martin Kliehm

      I wouldn’t say the W3C HTML WG prefers theoretical purity. Sometimes members are perhaps more aware that there are parts of specs that fall into the domain of other groups like WAI, CSS, or I18N, so it’s wise to get their opinion before reinventing the wheel, making it incompatible with current roads (and cowpaths), or excluding people with disabilities. Anyway the editor of both specs is the same person. In my opinion a dual approach to progress might be best, so I’d recommend to use both channels. Since I’m a member of the HTML WG I can keep an eye on the issue, but Matt is better qualified to write a proposal. ;)

      May 28th, 2010 at 06:50

  4. Kam-Yung Soh

    Is there a way to turn off or adjust the scaling factor for the viewport?

    I am using Fennec 1.1 on a Nokia N810 to view Google Reader [ https://www.google.com/reader/i/ ] and I find the implementation sub-optimal:

    1) fonts are too big (my default font size is already 20)
    2) after expanding and shrinking a few posts, the screen refresh lands me at random locations (e.g. I read item 20. After shrinking that item, the screen refreshes and shows me the screen around item 5)
    3) I use the physical keyboard to scroll around and the scroll factors doesn’t match what the screen shows. After pressing the space bar a few times, the screen stops scrolling, as if it has already reached the bottom of the screen. But from what I see, I’m only gone halfway through the page. I can still drag the screen up but the space bar no longer works.

    Regards and apologies for my ‘rant’…};-)
    Kam-Yung

    July 15th, 2010 at 21:40

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